programmed cell death-1 (pd-1) and its ligands, pd-l1 and pd-l2, have been regarded as important immune system regulatory molecules. the aberrant expression of the molecules has been related to several autoimmune disorders. this study is aimed to assess the mrna expression level of pd-1, pd-l1, and pd-l2 molecules in the peripheral blood mononuclear mells (pbmcs) from multiple sclerosis (ms) pa...

Objective: In this review, we aimed to discuss the efficacy of immunotherapy anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed ligand (PD-L1) potential immune mechanism combination with various standard systemic therapies for breast cancer (BC) such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, endocrine radiotherapy.